“So, you read the title of this blog and automatically assumed I was going to share my opinion with you concerning recent events around our country. You were interested to know what I thought about the desire and the movements to destroy or relocate certain statues, paintings, or other memorials that certain people might find offensive.

No, I wanted to talk with you today about the deliberate destruction of approximately 1,750 bronze statues throughout France during the German Occupation of World War II. Not since the French Revolution had so many statues been destroyed (albeit for different reasons).”

These were the first two paragraphs to my blog, Statuemania, we published on 2 September 2017 ⏤ almost three years ago. Frankly, I had forgotten about the reason why I first wrote the blog or the first paragraph; which now takes me back to the events that inspired me to write the original blog.

Pedestal without a statue, Parc des Buttes-Chaumont, Paris. Photo by Coyau (May 2011). PD-GNU Free Documentation License v.1.2. Wikimedia Commons.

I guess my reason to re-post the blog is pretty much the same reason I gave three years ago. While I don’t necessarily oppose certain statues, busts, or flags being taken down or done away with (e.g., statues or busts of Confederate General Nathan Bedford Forrest, the flag he represented, and the Washington Redskins name), I do think we go overboard sometimes. Shouldn’t we step back and determine if we can turn something negative into a positive? I’m speaking about the lost opportunities to help educate, raise awareness, and try to make sure certain events or thought processes never happen again. I think it’s a better and more positive approach than pure destruction. Hate confronting hate doesn’t solve problems.

Did You Know?

Did you know that the French Senate meets in the historic Luxemburg Palace in Paris? This is the same building that was the headquarters for the German Luftwaffe during the Occupation between June 1940 and August 1944. Senators come and go but career staff members stay around long enough to learn some of the secrets associated with the palace. One of those secrets was discovered by the French press about a year ago. Hidden in the basement were relics of the Nazi Occupation including a bust of Hitler. Le Monde newspaper began an investigation and after some serious stone walling by the bureaucrats, the Senate’s chief architect finally admitted the presence of the artifacts to the reporter. It remains a mystery how the Nazi objects came to be hidden, but it was likely due to the chaos that ensued during the final days when the Germans were frantically destroying evidence and collecting contraband to take with them. Before leaving, Luftwaffe staff smashed walls, destroyed furniture, and generally left the palace in shambles. During the days after the Liberation ⏤ Luxemburg Palace was the last stronghold of German fighting ⏤ the liberators took whatever they could find as Nazi souvenirs. One of the French staff must have gathered up the bust and other Nazi related objects left behind and moved them to the basement. Everything was hidden and only a handful of staff knew these items existed. None of the senators interviewed knew anything. So, what becomes of these historical artifacts? It seems they are likely destined for the new Museum of the Liberation located at Place Denfert-Rochereau above the underground command bunker used by Henri Rol-Tanguy during the last several days of the Liberation. Click here for a link to the museum.

The museum is a place of remembrance and education. Like Holocaust museums and memorials, it’s mission is to ensure we don’t forget.

During the latter part of the 19th-century, the French government known as The Third Republic began a wide-spread campaign to erect bronze statues. These immortalized men (Joan of Arc being the lone woman) who were considered heroes of France but in the minds of the citizens, they were closely associated with a widely considered corrupt government. This period of time was sarcastically dubbed by the French as “Statuemania.”

What Happened?

First of all, the Nazis invaded France on 14 June 1940 and began a four-year occupation. Hitler created two zones in France: The Occupied and Unoccupied Zones (Paris was in the northern or, Occupied Zone). After seventy years in existence, The Third Republic was replaced by the Vichy government headed by Marshal Philippe Pétain (1856-1951) and his prime minister, Pierre Laval (1883-1945). Watch the video clip “Vichy – The French Collaborationist Newsreels” here.

Pétain’s collaborationist government was located in the small spa town of Vichy in the Unoccupied Zone. By November 1942 with the Allied successes in North Africa, all pretenses of a separate government disappeared when the Germans invaded and essentially eliminated the Unoccupied Zone thereby confirming what many people thought: Vichy was a puppet government. Berlin began to increase its direct role in running occupied France including making higher demands for agricultural products, labor, and other resources (including non-ferrous metals) to feed the Nazi military machine.

After France was liberated in August 1944, it became clear that Pétain and Laval had sanctioned laws, decrees, and actions that far exceeded Nazi expectations (including quotas for the deportation of Jews and children to Auschwitz). During their separate trials, Pétain and Laval tried to argue in their defense that they were only trying to keep the Nazis happy and so avoid greater hardships for the French — at least as long as you weren’t a Jew, Freemason, communist, gypsy, black, mentally disabled, homosexual, résistant, political opponent or any other type of untermensch (inferior person).

Reparations

The terms of the 22 June 1940 Armistice were harsh. The French were required to cede three-fifths of France for German occupation. All occupation costs were to be paid by the French. Additionally, a daily fee of 400 million French francs was to be paid to the Germans. As time went on, the Germans confiscated more and more of the food to send back to the fronts as well as demanding higher payments in gold and other supplies.

Bronze statue of Camille Desmoulins located in the gardens of the Palais Royal, Paris. Postcard photo by anonymous (c. 1906). Author’s collection.

Early in the Occupation, the Germans threatened to confiscate every church bell in France for the purpose of melting them down to make bullets (much like they did in all the other occupied countries). The Vichy government was very close to the Catholic Church and Pétain’s ministers countered with a plan to destroy and melt bronze statues instead of the bells. There was an immediate uproar by the citizens (as there would have been over the church bells). The Germans accepted this alternate option albeit with increased quotas for metal.

Vichy lied to its citizens that the statues’ metal would be used for the national agricultural industry ⏤ by this time, many of the French knew better. In fact, the metal had always been earmarked by Vichy to be shipped directly to Germany for the manufacture of German bullets and other munitions. As far as Vichy was concerned, it all counted towards satisfying the monthly reparation fee.

Mobilization of the Statues

Most people believe or assume this was a German initiative when in fact, there is no evidence to support this. Mobilization of the statues was strictly a French decision and carried out by the French. Statue mobilization was only one component in Vichy’s overall metal recovery program.

One of the actions that Vichy took in October 1941 was to pass a law calling for the destruction of any statue which the Nazis found offensive. These were any statues that symbolized democracy, liberal policies, religion (including persons of the Jewish faith), avant-garde, and generally, any idea or philosophy which was anti-Nazi. French communities vigorously opposed this policy — Paris did not. Hundreds of towns went to great lengths to protest, condemn, and even hide the statues. Most of the statues were of local men who were considered heroes to the townspeople. Parisians did not have the same attachment to their statues. Almost all the statues in Paris were put up by The Third Republic and as previously discussed, represented a decadent time (also remember that Baron Haussmann had created a lot of open space by 1870 which needed to be filled). Statues erected during “Statuemania” included Voltaire, Diderot, Rousseau and revolutionaries such as Camille Desmoulins, Marquis de Condorcet, Georges-Jacques Danton, and Jean-Paul Marat. Politicians and icons of The Third Republic such as Léon Gambetta and Victor Hugo were immortalized in bronze. Other than Danton, none of the previously named statues survived. Victor Hugo’s granddaughter was unsuccessful in trying to save Victor’s statue and less than one week after its destruction, she died.

The Victor Hugo monument in Paris. Photo by anonymous (1908). Georges Lafenestre, L’œuvre de Ernest Barrias, Paris, Renouard, 1908. PD-70+. Wikimedia Commons.

What was the criteria for selection? It was determined that if a statue was privately held or located in a cemetery, it would be saved. Statues of kings, queens, and saints were off limits. If a statue was considered to be of historical significance or “indisputable national glories,” it would be saved. Four statues in Paris were classified as historically significant: King Henri IV (Pont Neuf), Joan of Arc (Place des Pyramides), Louis XIV (Versailles), and Napoléon (Place Vendôme).

The Gambetta Monument originally located in the Carousel du Louvre. Notice the building on the left. This is the Richelieu Pavilion of the Louvre. The trees in the background have been replaced by the I.M. Pei Pyramid. Photo by anonymous (c. 1900). Author’s collection.

Fragment of the enormous monument to Léon Gambetta. This was part of the stone base. Now located in Square Edouard Vaillant−Paris (20e). Photo by Pyb (March 2011). PD-GNU Free Documentation License v.1.2. Wikimedia Commons.

There were actually two waves of statue mobilization: October 1941 to May 1942 and the summer of 1942 to August 1944. The first wave was controlled by the French and it was the period of greatest destruction. The second wave was controlled by the Germans and coincided with the elimination of the Unoccupied Zone and increasing control of the country by the Nazis. The second wave was less damaging because there weren’t as many statues left to choose from and by early 1943, the German war effort was consuming more and more resources including manpower. Although the second wave coincided with the return of Pierre Laval in April 1942 to run Vichy and by extension, an increase in its collaboration efforts, the Nazis were more interested in exploiting French natural resources and meeting monthly quotas for the deportation of Jews.

The mobilization peaked in October 1942. During the second wave, the Germans were ruthless with respect to their selection of statues. The final say belonged to the German Kunstschutz or, the Wehrmacht art protection division — I think this term might qualify as an oxymoron. Statues previously deemed safe (i.e., historical, privately owned, and cemeteries) were now fair game. By 1943, the Nazis were going after statues in the universities, lycées (high schools), and French administrative offices. Only two statues in Paris were saved by the Germans during this period: the Saint-Michel statue and fountain and the Medici fountain in the Luxembourg Gardens. Watch the video “The Beauty of Paris – Marie de Medici’s Fountain here.

Destroyed Statues

Once the statues were identified for destruction, they were removed from their pedestals and taken to a scrap metal warehouse located at 112, avenue du Général Michel Bizot (12e) — the building no longer exists. There they were disassembled, crushed, and melted down. Clandestine photos of the statues were taken by Pierre Jahan before being melted. These photos have been preserved in a fascinating book called La Mort et les Statues (Death and the Statues).

Some statues had sections removed while the core statue was left standing. A great example of this is The Grand Fountain in the middle of the Place de la Nation. It was once a shallow circular water basin with the main sculpture in the middle. Surrounding the center island were sculptures of lizards and alligators. These represented democracy and so they were removed and destroyed. Other statues had their heads removed and were hidden from the authorities. After the war, many of them were remounted on the pedestals as busts.

The Triumph of Republic. Notice the alligator in the foreground of the water basin. Sculpture by Jules Dalou (1899) and sculpture of sea monsters by Georges Gardet. Postcard photo by anonymous (c. 1920). PD-70+. Wikimedia Commons.

Place de la Nation. Notice the dry grassy area surrounding the statue. This was once the water basin. Photo by Tim Adams (September 2014). PD-CCA 3.0. Wikimedia Commons.

The Statue of Danton

When Sandy and I were in Paris doing the final research for the two French Revolution books (Where Did They Put the Guillotine?), I happened to mention to her how surprised I was that we didn’t see statues of the leaders, martyrs, or principals of the French Revolution. Where were statues of Voltaire and Rousseau? The only bronze statue of a revolutionary we found was Georges-Jacques Danton standing in the Place Henri Mondor next to the entrance of the Odéon Métro. A small statue of the Marquis de Condorcet had been erected rather recently on the Quai de Condi. There may have been more tucked away, but we never saw any.

Statue of Georges-Jacques Danton. Sculpture by Auguste Paris (1891). Photo by anonymous (c. 2006). PD-GNU Free Documentation License. Wikimedia Commons.

Now we know why there aren’t any of those statues. The only one I know that has been replaced (at least in its original size and pose) was Condorcet. Why was the Danton statue saved when other revolutionaries’ statues were not (e.g., Jean-Paul Marat and Camille Desmoulins)? Was Danton considered to be of historical significance or “indisputable national glories?”

Marquis de Condorcet replacement statue. Recast in 1989. Photo by Henry Salomé (September 2006). PD-GNU Free Documentation License. Wikimedia Commons.

Decapitated Pedestals

So, you pull down a statue from its pedestal. You know what will happen to the statue but what do you do with the pedestal? Three options: demolish it, leave as is, or replace the statue. The original plan was to demolish the pedestals, but a lack of manpower and transportation made the destruction a very low priority to Vichy. After the war, all three options were exercised by local officials. Some towns kept the pedestals to be used as a soapbox for speeches.

In Paris, many of the pedestals were eventually demolished. The recast statue of the Marquis de Condorcet stands on the original pedestal. The statue of François Arago was never replaced, and his pedestal remains unadorned near the Place Denfert-Rochereau.

Pedestal where the statue of François Arago once stood. Photo by Scott Dexter (April 2012). PD-CCA-Share Alike 2.0 Generic. Wikimedia Commons.

For several French generations, the sight of empty pedestals was a constant reminder of the collaboration by Vichy France. I wonder how many of those passing by Arago’s pedestal today know the story behind the missing statue?

Paris Statues Today

As we walk around Paris, it becomes clear the relative number of free-standing bronze statues in Paris is very small especially compared to other major European cities. There are many statues in the Luxembourg Gardens, in the exterior alcoves of the Hôtel de Ville (City Hall), and the cemeteries (e.g., Père Lachaise) but most are chiseled out of stone. Watch the video clip “Statues of Paris” here.

In the second volume of our upcoming book Where Did They Put the Gestapo Headquarters? we take you to an area where commemorative statues stand. Here you will find General Charles de Gaulle simulating his victorious walk down the Avenue des Champs-Élysées on 26 August 1944. General de Gaulle did not get his statue until 2000, thirty years after his death.

Paris seems to have two primary methods for memorializing its heroes: naming streets after them and putting plaques on the front of buildings that held some significance to the individual being honored.

I like the historical plaques, but I like bronze statues better ⏤ I don’t need to know how to read French to fully enjoy them.

Historical Footnote

During the German Occupation, the mobilization of statues was neither cultural nor historical revisionism. It was driven strictly by economic and collaborationist forces.

✭ ✭ ★ Learn More About the Destroyed Paris Statues ✭ ★ ★

Cocteau, Jean and Pierre Jahan. La Mort et Les Statues. Paris: Chez Seghers, 1977. French language.

Freeman, Kirrily. Bronzes to Bullets: Vichy and the Destruction of French Public Statuary, 1941−1944. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2009.

Kirrily Freeman’s book Bronzes to Bullets is a very detailed account of the mobilization of statues in France. It reads like a PhD thesis—not surprising as this was the author’s thesis. It is well researched, and Dr. Freeman presents a well-documented foundation based on economics, cultural, historical, and political events. She did a very good job of explaining the cultural and patrimony mindset of the French and its effect on their psyche towards the statue removals and destruction. I do wish she had commented on why the Danton statue was saved.

Pierre Jahan was the photographer who captured the iconic images of the statues after being removed and shortly before their destruction. He took those photographs at risk of his life. The Germans prohibited people from taking pictures as they would consider it spying and the photographer would be shot immediately.

I don’t read French very well, but a picture paints a thousand words.

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Statuemania